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Antimicrobials have been in use for many thousands of years in a variety of formats. In this article, I trace how we have moved from ingenious use of agents available in the environment to chemically engineered agents. In a generation brought up in the era of widely available antibiotics, it is easy to assume that, in the days before they were introduced, anyone with an infection eventually succumbed to its effects. This is clearly not the case, as there were always survivors of even the most deadly infections, such as bubonic plague, diphtheria and TB, thanks to the efficiency of the innate immune response. However, it is fair to say that mortality rates were once much higher than they are today. There is also good historical evidence that ancient civilizations used a variety of naturally available treatments for infection, for example herbs, honey and even animal faeces. John Parkinson —