Cell Host Microbe ; 13 : — 7. Given their critical importance as therapeutic agents, the story will focus on resistance to penicillins and the structurally related beta-lactam antibiotics. There have been reports recently of resistance to Synercid in livestock-associated S. Two forms of S. In the prototype MRSA strains, the mecA gene is only expressed following induction by exposure to the drug. Appelbaum, Dept.
Scand J Infect Dis. The evolution of pandemic clones of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus : identification of two ancestral genetic backgrounds and the associated mec elements. One or more compounds under development are likely to become available for treatment of MRSA infections in the near future Resistance is often acquired by horizontal transfer to staphylococcus from outside sources, although chromosomal mutation antibiotics antibiotic selection are also important. These include lysostaphin stalhylococcus, antimicrobial aureus and other natural products e. The what difference between BlaZ resistant TP is the kinetics of deacylation.
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In the early s, physicians were finally forced to abandon their belief that, given the vast array of effective antimicrobial agents, virtually all bacterial infections were treatable. Their optimism was shaken by the emergence of resistance to multiple antibiotics among such pathogens as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The evolution of increasingly antimicrobial-resistant bacterial species stems from a multitude of factors that includes the widespread and sometimes inappropriate use of antimicrobials, the extensive use of these agents as growth enhancers in animal feed, and, with the increase in regional and international travel, the relative ease with which antimicrobial-resistant bacteria cross geographic barriers 1 — 3. The irony of this trend toward progressively more resistant bacteria is that it coincides with a period of dramatically increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. Unfortunately, while this insight has resulted in the identification of novel drug targets, it has not yet resulted in effective new chemotherapeutic agents. This paradox stands in sharp contrast to the dramatic progress made in antiviral notably antiretroviral therapy in the past ten years, where a number of newly discovered molecular targets have resulted in clinically effective therapeutic agents. Nowhere has this issue been of greater concern than with the Gram-positive bacteria pneumococci, enterococci, and staphylococci.